Electro-optic Pockels cells are used in applications that require fast switching of the polarization direction of a beam of light. These uses include Q-switching of laser cavities, coupling light into and out from regenerative amplifiers, and, when used in conjunction with a pair of polarizers, light intensity modulation. Pockels cells are characterized by fast response, since the Pockels Effect is largely an electronic effect that produces a linear change in refractive index when an electric field is applied, and are much faster in response than devices based on acoustic changes in a material, for example.
When an electric field (E) is applied to an electro-optic (E-O) crystal, the refractive index of E-O crystal will change linearly to electric field. The phenomenon is called linear electro-optic effect. For KD*P crystal, for example, the change of the refractive index (Dn) is Dn = 0.5n3or63E if both the directions of light propagation and electric field are along the z-axis, where no is refractive index without electric field and r63 is electro optic coefficient of KD*P.
If a linearly polarized light passes through an E-O crystal, the phase retardation (G) will be induced by Dn to G = 2pDnL, where L is crystal length, for KD*P, again as an example, G = pLn3or63E/l. It is clear that the phase of light will change together with electric field (E). This is called electro-optic phase modulation. If two crossed polarizers are placed at input and output ends of E-O crystal separately, the output intensity of light will be I = I0sin2(G/2), where I0 is input intensity. That means the intensity or amplitude of light can also be modulated by electric field. This is called amplitude modulation.
The half-wave voltage (Vp) is defined as
the voltage at G = p, for example, Vp=l/(2no3r63) for KD*P
and Vp=ld/(2no3r
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